{"id":3189,"date":"2026-09-03T09:23:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:23:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/?p=3189"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:23:50","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:23:50","slug":"what-is-mev-how-mev-attacks-work-and-what-is-maximum-extractable-value","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/what-is-mev-how-mev-attacks-work-and-what-is-maximum-extractable-value\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is MEV? How MEV Attacks Work and What is Maximum Extractable Value?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MEV \u2014 maximal extractable value \u2014 is the extra profit someone can pull out of a blockchain by choosing which transactions go into a block and in what order, beyond the normal block reward and gas fees. An MEV attack turns that power against ordinary users: a bot spots a pending trade, slips its own transactions around it, and pockets the difference. MEV protection is the set of tools built to stop that from happening to your transaction specifically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you&#8217;ve ever swapped a token on a decentralized exchange and gotten a noticeably worse price than the quote, there&#8217;s a real chance MEV extraction, not just normal slippage, ate the difference. This guide starts with the plain-language basics, then works through why the problem exists, who&#8217;s actually involved, and what has been built to contain it.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-does-mev-actually-mean\">What Does MEV Actually Mean?<\/h2>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MEV stands for maximal extractable value: the maximum profit that can be squeezed out of a block by controlling the order, inclusion, or exclusion of transactions inside it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>MEV (maximal extractable value):<\/strong> value a block producer \u2014 or someone influencing them \u2014 can capture by choosing which transactions to include in a block and in what sequence, above and beyond the standard block reward and gas fees. See <a href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/developers\/docs\/mev\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">ethereum.org&#8217;s MEV documentation<\/a> for the protocol-level definition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The term used to stand for &#8220;miner extractable value,&#8221; coined in a 2019 research paper by Philip Daian and co-authors that compared the practice to Wall Street&#8217;s high-frequency trading arms race, calling it &#8220;Flash Boys 2.0.&#8221; Ethereum&#8217;s move to proof of stake in 2022 swapped miners for validators, so the industry now says &#8220;maximal&#8221; \u2014 the mechanics didn&#8217;t change, only who&#8217;s holding the pen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here&#8217;s why that history matters: MEV isn&#8217;t a bug someone forgot to patch. It&#8217;s a structural feature of any blockchain where one party decides transaction order before it becomes final. Phil Daian put it bluntly years after that first paper: &#8220;MEV is in many ways inevitable. And so we need some solutions now that MEV is inevitable,&#8221; as he told <a href=\"https:\/\/www.decential.io\/articles\/qa-part-2-with-flashbots-founder-and-crypto-og-phil-daian\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Decential<\/a>. That&#8217;s the mindset behind every mitigation covered further down.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-does-transaction-ordering-create-a-problem-in-the-first-place\">Why Does Transaction Ordering Create a Problem in the First Place?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The problem comes down to one fact: a pending transaction sitting in the mempool is public before it&#8217;s confirmed. On Ethereum and most EVM chains, anyone running a node can see your swap, your liquidation trigger, or your NFT mint the moment you broadcast it, seconds before it lands in a block.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mempool:<\/strong> the pool of transactions that have been broadcast to the network but not yet included in a block, visible to any node connected to that network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That visibility window is what makes exploitation possible. A bot watching the mempool can read a large pending swap, calculate how much it will move the price, and race to insert its own transactions immediately before and after it, all within the same block. Since a block proposer ultimately picks the final order, the person or algorithm with the most sway over that ordering \u2014 or the deepest pocket for a gas-fee bidding war \u2014 usually wins the race.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is critical: none of this requires hacking anything. No private key is stolen and no smart contract bug gets exploited. The attacker is simply using information anyone can see and a fee mechanism anyone can pay into, faster or smarter than everyone else.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"who-actually-deals-with-this-and-who-pays-for-it\">Who Actually Deals With This \u2014 and Who Pays for It?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MEV touches more of the stack than most people assume. A few distinct roles interact with it, each with a different stake in the outcome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Searchers<\/strong> run bots that scan the mempool around the clock, looking for arbitrage, liquidations, or vulnerable trades, then submit their own transactions to capture the spread.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Block builders and validators<\/strong> assemble blocks from the transactions searchers and regular users submit, and take a cut of the resulting fees \u2014 this is where most of the extracted value ultimately settles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DeFi protocols<\/strong> \u2014 DEXs, lending markets, and aggregators \u2014 design around the risk, since users who get burned once tend not to come back.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Everyday traders and liquidity providers<\/strong> are usually the ones footing the bill, in the form of worse execution prices, failed transactions, or thinner effective liquidity than the interface showed them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The imbalance is what makes this worth caring about even if you never touch DeFi directly: a validator or a well-capitalized bot has structural leverage a retail wallet simply doesn&#8217;t have. That&#8217;s also the exact gap MEV protection tools are built to close.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-main-ways-ordering-gets-exploited\">The Main Ways Ordering Gets Exploited<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Value extraction through transaction ordering shows up in several distinct patterns, not just one. Knowing the difference matters because the defenses aren&#8217;t identical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Pattern<\/th><th>What happens<\/th><th>Who it usually hits<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sandwiching<\/td><td>A bot buys just before a large trade, lets the trade push the price up, then sells right after<\/td><td>Traders on AMM-based DEXs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Front-running<\/td><td>A bot copies a profitable pending transaction and pays more gas to have its copy confirmed first<\/td><td>Arbitrageurs, liquidators, NFT minters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Back-running<\/td><td>A bot inserts its transaction immediately after a known event, without touching the original trade<\/td><td>Anyone whose transaction creates a predictable price move<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Liquidation racing<\/td><td>Bots compete to be first to liquidate an undercollateralized loan and claim the protocol&#8217;s liquidation bonus<\/td><td>Borrowers close to their collateral threshold<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arbitrage<\/td><td>Bots buy on one pool and sell on another the instant prices diverge across venues, in a single atomic transaction<\/td><td>No direct victim \u2014 closes price gaps, but competes with everyone for block space<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sandwiching is the pattern most people mean when they picture an MEV attack against a regular user, so it&#8217;s worth a closer look at how much it actually costs.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-much-do-sandwich-attacks-actually-cost-traders\">How Much Do Sandwich Attacks Actually Cost Traders?<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Real numbers help here more than a general warning does. Between November 2024 and October 2025, researchers at EigenPhi tracked more than 95,000 sandwich attacks on Ethereum, costing traders an estimated $60 million over that year, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tradingview.com\/news\/cointelegraph:fa12ba092094b:0-exclusive-data-from-eigenphi-reveals-that-sandwich-attacks-on-ethereum-have-waned\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">data reported by Cointelegraph<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The trend inside that number is more encouraging than the total suggests. Monthly extraction fell from nearly $10 million in late 2024 to about $2.5 million by October 2025, and the average profit per individual attack dropped to just above $3 \u2014 a sign that wider MEV protection adoption is squeezing the strategy&#8217;s margins, not eliminating the attempts. One entity, tracked under the address &#8220;jaredfromsubway.eth,&#8221; was still responsible for roughly 70% of all sandwich attacks recorded in that window, showing how concentrated this activity remains even as it shrinks.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-ethereum-tries-to-contain-this-at-the-protocol-level\">How Ethereum Tries to Contain This at the Protocol Level<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rather than trying to ban value extraction outright \u2014 which nobody has found a clean way to do \u2014 Ethereum&#8217;s core response has been to separate who builds a block from who proposes it, then make that building process competitive and transparent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Proposer-builder separation (PBS):<\/strong> an architecture that splits block creation into two roles \u2014 specialized builders compete to assemble the most profitable block, and the validator (proposer) simply picks the highest-paying option without seeing its contents in advance. See <a href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/developers\/docs\/mev\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">ethereum.org&#8217;s PBS overview<\/a> for the full mechanics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In practice, this runs through software called MEV-Boost, which lets a validator request bids from a marketplace of builders through relays, then accept the best one blind. As of mid-2026, independent trackers put MEV-Boost adoption at roughly 90\u201393% of all Ethereum blocks, meaning the overwhelming majority of validators no longer build their own blocks by hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That fix solved one centralization problem and created a smaller one. A handful of relays now handle most of that traffic \u2014 reporting from <a href=\"https:\/\/blockworks.com\/news\/blocknative-drops-mev-boost\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Blockworks<\/a> found that around four to five relays were routing more than 90% of MEV-boosted blocks after one operator, Blocknative, shut its relay down in 2026, citing the service no longer being economically viable to run for free. Concentrating trust in a few relay operators is a trade-off worth knowing about, not a solved problem.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-to-shield-a-trade-from-being-exploited\">How to Shield a Trade From Being Exploited<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For someone who isn&#8217;t running validator infrastructure, the practical question is simpler: how do you keep your own transaction from becoming someone else&#8217;s sandwich? A few approaches, used together, cover most of the risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Route through a private transaction endpoint.<\/strong> Services like Flashbots Protect RPC send a transaction directly to trusted builders instead of the public mempool, so bots never see it before it&#8217;s confirmed. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Use a swap protocol built around batch auctions.<\/strong> Platforms like CoW Swap and 1inch Fusion collect orders and settle them together at a single clearing price, removing the ordering advantage a bot would normally exploit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tighten your slippage tolerance.<\/strong> A lower slippage setting on a DEX limits how much a price can move before your transaction reverts instead of executing at a much worse rate \u2014 the trade-off is more failed transactions when the market is genuinely moving.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Simulate the transaction before broadcasting it.<\/strong> Checking a swap&#8217;s expected outcome first \u2014 the same idea covered in how to simulate a transaction on Ethereum \u2014 flags an unusually large price impact before you sign anything, rather than after.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Split large trades into smaller ones.<\/strong> A single large swap is a visible, high-value target; breaking it into several smaller trades reduces how attractive any single one looks to a sandwich bot.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">None of these guarantee zero exposure. This is critical to keep in mind: private RPC routes still depend on the builder behaving honestly, and batch auctions only help on the protocols that use them. Layering more than one method is what actually moves the needle.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"where-node-infrastructure-fits-into-this\">Where Node Infrastructure Fits Into This<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every protection method above still needs reliable access to the chain \u2014 a private RPC endpoint has to reach the network, and a wallet checking for sandwich risk has to read live price data fast enough to matter. That runs on the same infrastructure any dApp needs: an RPC provider connecting an application to blockchain nodes without the team running its own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/\">NOWNodes<\/a> is one such provider, offering RPC and WebSocket access across 120-plus networks so a wallet or trading bot can read chain state and broadcast transactions without maintaining node infrastructure itself. It doesn&#8217;t build MEV protection into its API \u2014 that logic lives in tools like Flashbots Protect or a DEX&#8217;s own routing \u2014 but the underlying read and broadcast access is the same infrastructure question behind any blockchain application.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"does-this-problem-exist-outside-ethereum\">Does This Problem Exist Outside Ethereum?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Value extraction through transaction ordering isn&#8217;t unique to Ethereum; it shows up wherever a block producer controls sequencing, though the details shift chain to chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Chain<\/th><th>How it shows up<\/th><th>Main mitigation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ethereum<\/td><td>Sandwiching, arbitrage, liquidations via public mempool<\/td><td>PBS, MEV-Boost, private RPCs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Solana<\/td><td>Bundled transactions submitted directly to validators, bypassing the public mempool<\/td><td>Jito Labs&#8217; bundle auction and MEV-sharing system<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BNB Smart Chain<\/td><td>Similar bot-driven arbitrage and sandwiching, on a chain with faster, cheaper blocks<\/td><td>Private transaction relays modeled on Flashbots<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rollups (Arbitrum, Optimism)<\/td><td>Centralized sequencers currently order transactions, concentrating the risk in one operator<\/td><td>Shared sequencing and decentralized sequencer research, still early<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solana&#8217;s approach is worth a specific mention because it flips the usual dynamic: through Jito Labs&#8217; infrastructure, MEV captured via bundled transactions gets redistributed back to stakers rather than disappearing entirely into a searcher&#8217;s wallet. Roughly 95% of that captured value flows to jitoSOL stakers, with the remainder kept by the protocol \u2014 a meaningfully different outcome than Ethereum&#8217;s model, where the extracted value mostly stays with whoever built the winning block.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MEV isn&#8217;t going away, and treating it as something to engineer out of existence isn&#8217;t realistic \u2014 Ethereum&#8217;s own core developers manage it as a structural feature, not a bug to patch. What has changed is how exposed an ordinary transaction has to be by default.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you trade on a DEX regularly, the takeaway is straightforward: route sensitive swaps through a private RPC or a batch-auction protocol, keep slippage tolerance tight, and simulate anything large before broadcasting it. None of that requires understanding block-builder auctions in depth \u2014 just knowing the exposure exists and picking a route that doesn&#8217;t advertise your trade to every bot watching the mempool.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">FAQ<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"is-extracting-mev-illegal\">Is extracting MEV illegal?<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No, not in most jurisdictions today. It exploits publicly visible blockchain data and standard fee mechanisms rather than stolen credentials or a hacked contract, which is why it sits in a gray area that regulators and researchers are still actively debating rather than a settled legal question.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"does-mev-affect-bitcoin\">Does MEV affect Bitcoin?<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To a much smaller degree. Bitcoin&#8217;s simpler transaction model and lack of native smart contracts limit the arbitrage and sandwich opportunities common on Ethereum, though miners can still reorder transactions for fee-related reasons.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"can-a-regular-user-get-any-of-the-extracted-value-back\">Can a regular user get any of the extracted value back?<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sometimes. Some private RPC services and DEX aggregators share a portion of the MEV their routing captures back with the user who submitted the trade, instead of letting a third-party searcher keep all of it \u2014 check a specific service&#8217;s documentation before assuming this applies.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"does-a-hardware-wallet-protect-against-this\">Does a hardware wallet protect against this?<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No. A hardware wallet secures your private keys, but it doesn&#8217;t control how or where your transaction gets broadcast once you sign it, so it offers no defense against sandwiching or front-running on its own.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"do-all-decentralized-exchanges-have-the-same-exposure\">Do all decentralized exchanges have the same exposure?<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No. Automated market makers on public mempools carry the highest exposure, while platforms built around batch auctions or private order flow, and most on-chain order books, meaningfully reduce the opportunity for a bot to insert itself around your trade.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>MEV \u2014 maximal extractable value \u2014 is the extra profit someone can pull out of a blockchain by choosing which transactions go into a block and in what order, beyond the normal block reward and gas fees. An MEV attack turns that power against ordinary users: a bot spots a pending trade, slips its own [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3191,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[102],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dev-report"],"blocksy_meta":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is maximum extractable value and MEV protection?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"See how an MEV attack works, what it costs traders, and which MEV protection methods actually help.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/what-is-mev-how-mev-attacks-work-and-what-is-maximum-extractable-value\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is maximum extractable value and MEV protection?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"See how an MEV attack works, what it costs traders, and which MEV protection methods actually help.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/what-is-mev-how-mev-attacks-work-and-what-is-maximum-extractable-value\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"NOWNodes Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-03T09:23:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-03T09:23:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/nodes_1-48.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0410nastasia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@nownodes\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@nownodes\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0410nastasia\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/what-is-mev-how-mev-attacks-work-and-what-is-maximum-extractable-value\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/what-is-mev-how-mev-attacks-work-and-what-is-maximum-extractable-value\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u0410nastasia\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/nownodes.io\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0890ec68e813adecb93c18ee00e1e7a8\"},\"headline\":\"What Is MEV? 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