Throughput and latency sound like the same idea, but they measure two different things. Throughput is how many transactions a network settles per second. Latency is how long your single transaction waits before it’s final. A chain can be strong…
Every blockchain runs on a network of computers called nodes. A node keeps a copy of the chain, checks new transactions against the rules, and passes valid data to the other computers in the network. Once you understand what a…
сBlockchain finality is the point at which a transaction is settled for good and can no longer be reversed, reordered, or dropped from the chain. Before that point, a transaction can look confirmed and still be undone. After it, the…
An upgradable smart contract is one whose logic can be replaced after deployment, even though the code already written to the blockchain can never be edited in place. Developers work around that limit by splitting an application in two: a…
Reading data from a blockchain sounds like it should be simple. The data is public, after all. In practice, pulling a wallet’s full trading history or every transfer of a token is one of the harder problems in Web3 development,…
Build it yourself if you need deep control and have the engineering time to run servers. Buy it from a provider if you want to ship across several chains quickly without a dedicated operations team. Most teams end up doing…
Onchain data is information stored directly on a blockchain — every transaction, wallet balance, and smart-contract state that the whole network keeps and can verify. Offchain data is everything kept somewhere else: a company’s servers, a file on IPFS, a…
Blockchain data streaming is a way to receive on-chain events the moment they happen, instead of asking the network for updates over and over. Your application opens a long-lived connection, subscribes to the events it cares about, and the data…
You access the Ethereum mempool through WebSocket subscription to newPendingTransactions, or a specialized mempool API — the right choice depends on whether you need full transaction details, just a live stream of hashes, or data aggregated across many nodes at…
An Ethereum transaction is a signed instruction, sent from an account you control, that either moves ETH to another address or triggers code on a smart contract. Every transaction is cryptographically signed with a private key, broadcast to the network,…